The major infectious diseases of the past, such as smallpox, polio and tuberculosis, have greatly decreased as national health problems. This is principally a result of preventive measures. Now, the major infectious disease threat to individuals below age 65 is a new disease, AIDS.
AIDS, the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, is caused by a virus. This virus first was recognized to cause human illness in 1977. The virus attacks a particular group of the body's white blood cells (a subclass of the T lymphocytes) and persists for a long time in these cells. The virus destroys the cells' ability to fight off additional infections, and the additional infections are frequently fatal. This virus makes the important body defense mechanism, the immune system, deficient (unable to fight back). In contrast to immune deficiency syndromes that are present at birth, it is usually "acquired" during adult life when the individual becomes infected by the AIDS virus.
The AIDS virus is transmitted from person to person body secretions - such as semen, vaginal secretions, or even breast milk - or by transfusion of infected blood. It can be transmitted to the fetus by an infected mother. In some infected individuals, the immune system appears to remain intact; these individuals are not sick but still may be able to infect other. In others, there are relatively minor symptoms such as fatigue and swollen lymph glands. Over time, the immune system is profoundly altered in at least one-half of infected individuals; after the first major infection, death will often follow within a year or two.
AIDS was first discovered in homosexual men who have had large numbers of sexual contacts. The frequency of sexual exposure greatly increases the probability of coming in contact with the virus. Seventy to 80 percent of all cases continue to occur in gay men. Increasingly, however, cases are reported in intravenous drug abusers who become infected through contaminated needless and syringes, after heterosexuals contact with prostitutes, or after other heterosexual contact. The number of different sexual contacts is critically important; the larger the number of possibilities for transmission of virus through different partners, the larger the risk. Gay men in stable, monogamous relationships are at little, if any, increased risk. The problems with blood transfusions of a few years ago have been almost entirely eliminated because all blood is now tested for the presence of the virus before transfusion. It does not appear that the disease can be transmitted by coughing or other non-intimate contact. Medical personnel do not appear to be at substantial risk.
Rapid progress in understanding AIDS is being made, but a vaccine or a cure is not yet available. A test that detects antibody to the virus with reasonable accuracy is available. Early studies with this test indicate that as many as 1 million persons in the United States already have antibodies to the virus. This suggests that they have been exposed to and possibly infected by the AIDS virus- an alarming statistic for a virus that has been around for only a few years.
Control of this disease depends largely on quarantine of the virus through the collective health actions of individuals. I strongly argue the following three measures; they not only help prevent AIDS but also other sexually transmitted diseases and other serious infections such as hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) and septicemia (blood poisoning).
1.
Decrease the risk of sexual transmission.
Recognize that casual sexual activity, either homosexual or heterosexual, paid or free, can be hazardous and that the risk goes up. With the number of different individuals involved. Regular and careful use of condoms (but not other birth control techniques) can greatly reduce the risk of infection. Practice “safer sex”.
2.
If you think you may have been at risk for infection, get tested.
The test should be positive within a month if you have been infected, but not right away. Do this not only for yourself but to avoid the tragedy of unknowingly spreading the disease.
3.
lend your efforts to the war on drugs.
Particularly emphasize those things that can influence friends and children to avoid the many serious risks of these practices.