TUBERCULOSIS

TB is one of the most frequent infectious diseases in humans, more in developing countries like us. The disease is mostly caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis organism. The disease usually affects the lungs, although in up to one-third of cases other organs are involved. If properly treated, tuberculosis caused by drug-susceptible strains is curable in virtually all cases. If untreated, the disease may be fatal within 5 years in more than half of cases. Transmission usually takes place through the airborne spread of droplet nuclei produced by patients with infectious pulmonary tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis is most commonly transmitted from a patient with infectious pulmonary tuberculosis to other persons by droplet nuclei, which are aerosolized by coughing, sneezing, or speaking. Several studies of close contacts have clearly demonstrated that tuberculosis patients whose sputum contains bacteria visible by microscopy play the greatest role in the spread of infection.

Clinical Presentation:

Tuberculosis is of various types and can occur in several parts of our body. Mostly lungs are involved and patients present with mostly Cough present for more than 2 weeks, Sputum, evening rise in fever, loss of appetite, weight loss these are the main complains from patient. There are other symptoms which can be presented according to the types of presentation. Others Common types of TB presentation with general features are:

• Abdominal TB: Pain abdomen, Abdomen distension, difficulty in breathing

• TB Pleural Effusion: Shortness of Breath, Chest Pain

• Miliary TB: Present as swelling in all over the body

• Cervical Lymphadenitis TB: Neck lumps

• TB meningitis: involving the brain and may cause loss of consciousness

• TB bone/Spine: Pain in back not relieving my medicine,

Diagnosis: Sputum Examination; Chest X-ray; Skin Test; and other depending upon the type of involvement.

Treatment: Starting the Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs for either 6 months or 12 months depending upon the site of involvement. If not on time it can be fatal.

Lawn and Garden Equipments

Gardens and lawns require proper care for looking green and gorgeous. Several people cannot take good care required for lawns and gardens because of lack of time so they engage a professional for taking care of their lawns and gardens. The essential and required instrument for looking after gardens is sprinkler. Sprinklers are widely used to water the lawns or gardens at particular times. Other garden tools are used to make lawns and gardens look more beautiful and vigorous.

A number of people do gardening as a hobby, because it helps to relax and decreases the unease in the life. For this purpose, it is significant to know that what kinds of garden tools are necessary. To get the most from your gardening activity, you will need some particular tools for gardening. Your all necessities may be simple, if you have the normal size city garden. Different types of gardens need different types of tools. The first thing you should probably do is to secure yourself because, you may face some hard results without good protection. The weather remains hot frequently during the gardening season, so you should make sure that you have sheltered your head with a good and appropriate hat. This hat will keep your skin safe from harmful sunlight. Perhaps you will want to spend your time in garden with a pair of gardening belts to protect yourself from sharp briars, fertilizers and bug bites. These belts are easily available at garden stores. Always be cautious about your clothes. Keep in mind that you have to deal with dirt, mud, chemicals and several other things, so you will have to put on the clothes that can get the heat. If you use spray for your lawn or garden, then you must use mask.

The dimensions will decide that what type of equipments you will need for your lawn and garden. A small garden will never require big and functional equipments, as in case of a big garden. Some ordinary garden equipment can be used in both big and small lawn and garden comprises shovel, rake, hoe and fork. Never stop thinking about the everyday usual things. Many people almost forget about these ordinary equipments. Definitely you will require tomato cages or stakes, trellises for your mountaineering plants to grow up. Garden hose is also significant equipment that is widely used in gardening.

Dental Problems and Prevention

Bacteria growing within the mouth cavity contribute to plaque, dental decay, and gum disease. The processes and the prevention are well understood.

Prevention

Diet is important. In particular, avoid refined sugars, white breads, and sugar-containing soft drinks. These are the favorite foods of bacteria. Regular brushing with fluoride toothpaste is critically important. Dental flossing or use of a rubber tip or toothpicks also is important and should be performed on a regular basis. If water is not fluoridated, children should take fluoride tablets at least through age 12. dental checkups are important.

Bladder Infections and Prevention

If bacteria breed and multiply in the bladder, they cause irritation, inflammation, and painful, frequent, and even bloody urination. The bacteria first have to get there, and this happen most frequently in females because the urethra is short and the bladder not far from the outside. Bacteria usually enter through the urethra. For bacteria to breed, they must be able to multiply rapidly than they are flushed out of the bladder during urination.

Prevention

Adequate fluid intake and the resulting relatively frequent need for urination is the best prevention. You should drink enough so that your urine is clear, colorless, and plentiful at least once every day. Hygiene of the genital area is important because most of the bacteria come from the intestine via the anus. After using the toilet, females should wipe with toilet paper from front to back to avoid transfer of bacteria to the neighborhood of the urethral opening. For early symptoms, drinking cranberry juice is substantial quantities is an excellent secondary prevention. Cranberry juice contains a natural antibiotic that slows the multiplication of the bacteria.

Back Problems and Prevention

Osteoarthritis also occurs in the joints of the spine and can be aggravated by collapse of spinal vertebrae (bones) due to osteoporosis. In younger individuals, problems with herniated (ruptured) inter-vertebral discs are common, but by the age of 50 or 60, the disc itself becomes more scarred and fibrous and less prone to rupture.

Prevention

Exercise is required to keep the muscles that support the back strong. Weight-bearing exercise is important to keep the bone-mineral content high and spinal bones strong. The abdominal muscles must also be strong because they too provide support for the spine. Weight control is the second line of defense; back problems frequently occur in over weight individuals. With excess body fat, there are unusual and greater stresses, often accompanying lack of exercise, and often reduced muscle strength.

Diet is important in that calcium intake should be maintained at substantial level. Take calcium supplements, if necessary, to help keep the bones strong, particularly in seniors. Previous injury is the fourth risk factor; and, if you have had recurrent back problems, attention to exercise and weight control is even more important. Learning to lift correctly, with the legs, help reduce risk.

The Limits of Prevention

Sometimes you may be suffering from an illness that was caused by something you did early in life, perhaps even at a time when the effects of that action were not well understood. It is important to avoid “victim blaming” or, in this instance, “blaming yourself.” The past is past and you will never know for sure that was the cause of a current problem.

The important goal is that you work for the future. Work for primary prevention of diseases before they appear. Work for early detection and treatment of illnesses that are already there. If you already have one or more substantial medical problems, you specially need to work actively to prevent additional problems in other areas.

Finally, there are number of major illnesses for which there is no known primary prevention. Some of these are listed below:

* Rheumatoid arthritis
* Ulcerative colitis
* Systematic lupus erythematosus
* Crohn’s disease
* Multiple Sclerosis
* Parkinson’s disease
* Alzheimer’s disease
* Polymyalgia rheumatica

Some of these eventually may turn out to be infectious diseases or the aftermath of infections. Some may be the result of toxic exposures of as yet unknown type. In some, there are hints that risk factors may exist; for example, one study found increased cigarette-smoking rates in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Even with these problems, there is a great deal that you can do to minimize the problem.

Improvement of risk factors at any age improves the quality of life. And it does so at essentially no cost (with the exception of medications required to treat high blood pressure). A good diet is of equal or lesser expense than a bad one. Junk food is also expensive. Exercise is one of the least expensive uses of your time. Tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption are costly habits. A thin individual has lower food costs than if he or she were obese. Seat belts undoubtedly cost some money, but they are now required by law and are already in most cars.

The major goal of prevention is improvement of quality of your life in all areas, from vigor and vitality to economic viability. The quality and pleasure of our life can be materially improved by your careful attention to these few critically important factors.

Falls and Fractures

Falls cause an astonishing amount of difficulty for older individuals. Falls may result from frailty, slowed reaction time, lack of conditioning, poor vision, poor hearing, presence of medical disease, or a whole variety of different problems that are common in older people. The key is to think of the impact as well as the fall. (It isn’t the falling that is the problem; it is hitting the ground.) This means that you have to think about your environment as well as about your physical condition.

Prevention

Certainly, you want strong bones; the approach to preventing osteoporosis has been outlined above. You want your body to be as strong as possible, and this entails all of the principles described throughout this blog. Then you need to consider the dangers in your environment. Loose throw rugs, absence of good lighting, failure to use non-skid tape in the bathtub, absence of hand rails in difficult places, and other such factors are very important. What about your vision? Think through a typical day, imagine those places where it is most likely that you might fall, and make a plan to reduce the danger. Go through the same process for each person with whom you live – if they break something, it will decrease the quality of your life.

Antihistamine Decongestant Compounds

Allerest, Sine-off, Chlor-Trimeton, Sinarest, Sinutab, Dristan, and so on are over-the-counter drugs designed for treatments of minor allergic symptoms. They are similar to cold compounds described below, but they less frequently contain pain and fever agents like aspirin, acetaminophen, or ibuprofen. Usually, these drug compounds contain an antihistamine and a decongestant agent. If you tolerate one of these drugs well and get good relief, it may be continued for several weeks (for example, through a hay fever season) without seeing a doctor. The same sort of drug taken as nose drops or nasal spray should be used more sparingly and only for short periods. You can purchase ingredients of the compound separately, and I advise you to do so.

Reading the Labels

The decongestant is often phenylephrine, ephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine. If the compound name is not familiar, the suffix “-ephrine” or “-edrine” will usually identify this component of the compound. The antihistamine is often chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton) or pyrilamine. If not, the antihistamine is sometimes (but not always) identifiable on the label by the suffix “-amine.”

Dosage

Take according to product directions. Reduce dose if side effects are note, or try another compound.

Side Effects

These are usually minor and disappear after the drug is stopped or decreased in dose. Agitation and insomnia usually indicate too much of the decongestant component. Drowsiness usually indicates too much antihistamine. If you can avoid the substance to which you are allergic, it is far superior to taking drugs. Drugs, to a certain degree, inevitably impair your functioning.